Systems, devices, and methods for wearable heads-up displays

ABSTRACT

Systems, devices, and methods for transparent displays that are well-suited for use in wearable heads-up displays are described. Such transparent displays include one or more scanning projector(s) that is/are mounted on or proximate the lens portion(s) thereof, directly in the field of view of the user. Each scanning projector includes a respective light source that sequentially generates pixels or other discrete portions of an image and a respective dynamic optical beam-steerer that controllably steers the modulated light directly towards select regions of the eye of the user. Successive portions of the image are generated in rapid succession until the entire image is displayed to the user by projection directly onto the eye of the user from one or more point(s) within the user&#39;s field of view.

BACKGROUND Technical Field

The present systems, devices, and methods generally relate to electronic display technologies and particularly relate to electronic display technologies that are well-suited for use in wearable heads-up displays.

Description of the Related Art Wearable Electronic Devices

Electronic devices are commonplace throughout most of the world today. Advancements in integrated circuit technology have enabled the development of electronic devices that are sufficiently small and lightweight to be carried by the user. Such “portable” electronic devices may include on-board power supplies (such as batteries or other power storage systems) and may be designed to operate without any wire-connections to other, non-portable electronic systems; however, a small and lightweight electronic device may still be considered portable even if it includes a wire-connection to a non-portable electronic system. For example, a microphone may be considered a portable electronic device whether it is operated wirelessly or through a wire-connection.

The convenience afforded by the portability of electronic devices has fostered a huge industry. Smartphones, audio players, laptop computers, tablet computers, and ebook readers are all examples of portable electronic devices. However, the convenience of being able to carry a portable electronic device has also introduced the inconvenience of having one's hand(s) encumbered by the device itself. This problem is addressed by making an electronic device not only portable, but wearable.

A wearable electronic device is any portable electronic device that a user can carry without physically grasping, clutching, or otherwise holding onto the device with their hands. For example, a wearable electronic device may be attached or coupled to the user by a strap or straps, a band or bands, a clip or clips, an adhesive, a pin and clasp, an article of clothing, tension or elastic support, an interference fit, an ergonomic form, etc. Examples of wearable electronic devices include digital wristwatches, electronic armbands, electronic rings, electronic ankle-bracelets or “anklets,” head-mounted electronic display units, hearing aids, and so on.

Wearable Heads-Up Displays

While wearable electronic devices may be carried and, at least to some extent, operated by a user without encumbering the user's hands, many wearable electronic devices include at least one electronic display. Typically, in order for the user to access (i.e., see) and interact with content presented on such electronic displays, the user must modify their posture to position the electronic display in their field of view (e.g., in the case of a wristwatch, the user may twist their arm and raise their wrist towards their head) and direct their attention away from their external environment towards the electronic display (e.g., look down at the wrist bearing the wristwatch). Thus, even though the wearable nature of a wearable electronic device allows the user to carry and, to at least some extent, operate the device without occupying their hands, accessing and/or interacting with content presented on an electronic display of a wearable electronic device may occupy the user's visual attention and limit their ability to perform other tasks at the same time.

The limitation of wearable electronic devices having electronic displays described above may be overcome by wearable heads-up displays. A wearable heads-up display is a head-mounted display that enables the user to see displayed content but does not prevent the user from being able to see their external environment. A wearable heads-up display is an electronic device that is worn on a user's head and, when so worn, secures at least one electronic display within the accessible field of view of at least one of the user's eyes, regardless of the position or orientation of the user's head, but this at least one display is either transparent or at a periphery of the user's field of view so that the user is still able to see their external environment. Examples of wearable heads-up displays include: the Google Glass®, the Optinvent Ora®, the Epson Moverio®, the Sony Glasstron®, just to name a few.

A challenge in the design of most wearable heads-up display devices is the need to provide focused, high-quality images to the user without limiting the user's ability to see their external environment, and while at the same time minimizing the bulk of the wearable heads-up display unit itself. All of the wearable heads-up display devices available today are noticeably bulkier than a typical pair of corrective eyeglasses or sunglasses and there remains a need in the art for electronic display technology that enables wearable heads-up display devices of more aesthetically-appealing design while simultaneously providing high-quality images to the user without limiting the user's ability to see their external environment.

BRIEF SUMMARY

A wearable heads-up display may be summarized as including: a support structure that in use is worn on a head of a user; a first transparent element that is physically coupled to the support structure, wherein the first transparent element is substantially planar and positioned within a field of view of at least one eye of the user when the support structure is worn on the head of the user; and a first scanning display element positioned on or proximate a surface of the first transparent element in the field of view of the at least one eye of the user, the first scanning display element comprising: a light-emitting element; a collimator to, in use, collimate light provided by the light-emitting element; and a controllable light-redirecting element to, in use, controllably redirect light provided by the light-emitting element to specific locations of the at least one eye of the user.

A wearable heads-up display may be summarized as including: a support structure that in use is worn on a head of a user; a transparent element that is physically coupled to the support structure and positioned within a field of view of at least one eye of the user when the support structure is worn on the head of the user; and a scanning display element positioned on or proximate a surface of the transparent element in the field of view of the at least one eye of the user, the scanning display element comprising: a light source; a collimator to collimate light signals provided by the light source; and a controllable beam-steerer to, in use, controllably redirect light provided by the light source to specific regions of the at least one eye of the user.

A wearable heads-up display may be summarized as including: a support structure that in use is worn on a head of a user; a transparent element that is physically coupled to the support structure, wherein the transparent element is positioned within a field of view of an eye of the user when the support structure is worn on the head of the user; and a scanning projector positioned on or proximate a surface of the transparent element in the field of view of the eye of the user, the scanning projector comprising: a light source; and a dynamic optical beam-steerer positioned to receive light signals provided by the light source and controllably redirect the light signals towards select regions of the eye of the user.

The wearable heads-up display may further include a collimator to collimate light signals provided by the light source. The collimator may include a parabolic reflector positioned in between the light source and the dynamic optical beam-steerer with respect to a path of light signals provided by the light source. The light source may be oriented to direct light signals away from the eye of the user and the parabolic reflector may be oriented to reflect the light signals from the light source towards the eye of the user.

The light source may include at least one light source selected from the group consisting of: a light-emitting diode and a laser. The dynamic optical beam-steerer may be controllably rotatable about at least two axes. The dynamic optical beam-steerer may be transmissive of the light signals provided by the light source. The dynamic optical beam-steerer may controllably redirect the light signals towards select regions of the eye of the user by at least one of reflection, refraction, and/or diffraction.

The transparent element may include a prescription eyeglass lens. The transparent element may be positioned within a field of view of a first eye of the user when the support structure is worn on the head of the user, and the wearable heads-up display may further include: a second transparent element that is physically coupled to the support structure, wherein the second transparent element is positioned within a field of view of a second eye of the user when the support structure is worn on the head of the user; and a second scanning projector positioned on or proximate a surface of the second transparent element in the field of view of the second eye of the user, the second scanning projector comprising: a second light source; and a second dynamic optical beam-steerer positioned to receive light signals provided by the second light source and controllably redirect the light signals towards select regions of the second eye of the user.

The support structure may have a general shape and appearance of an eyeglasses frame.

The wearable heads-up display may further include a processor physically coupled to the support structure and communicatively coupled to the scanning projector; and a non-transitory processor-readable storage medium physically coupled to the support structure and communicatively coupled to the processor, wherein the non-transitory processor-readable storage medium stores processor-executable instructions that, when executed by the processor, cause the processor to: control the light signals provided by the light source of the scanning projector; and control the dynamic optical beam-steerer of the scanning projector to redirect the light signals provided by the light source towards select regions of the eye of the user.

The scanning projector may include a first scanning projector, and the wearable heads-up display may further include: a second scanning projector positioned on or proximate the transparent element in the field of view of the eye of the user when the support structure is worn on the head of the user, the second scanning projector physically spaced apart from the first scanning projector, wherein the second scanning projector comprises: a second light source; and a second dynamic optical beam-steerer positioned to receive light signals provided by the second light source and controllably redirect the light signals towards select regions of the eye of the user. The wearable heads-up display may further include: at least one additional scanning projector positioned on or proximate the transparent element in the field of view of the eye of the user when the support structure is worn on the head of the user, the at least one additional scanning projector physically spaced apart from the first scanning projector and the second scanning projector, wherein the at least one additional scanning projector comprises: at least one additional light source; and at least one additional dynamic optical beam-steerer positioned to receive light signals provided by the at least one additional light source and controllably redirect the light signals towards select regions of the eye of the user. The wearable heads-up display may further include an eye-tracker carried by the support structure, wherein both the first scanning projector and the second scanning projector are selectively activatable/deactivatable based, at least in part, on a position of the eye of the user as determined by the eye-tracker.

The various embodiments described herein include a method of operating a wearable heads-up display when the wearable heads-up display is worn on a head of a user, the wearable heads-up display including a transparent element positioned in a field of view of an eye of the user and a scanning projector positioned in the field of view of the eye of the user on or proximate the transparent element, the scanning projector comprising a light source and a dynamic optical beam-steerer. The method may be summarized as including: configuring the dynamic optical beam-steerer of the scanning projector in a first configuration within the field of view of the eye of the user; generating a first light signal representative of at least a first portion of an image by the light source of the scanning projector within the field of view of the eye of the user; and redirecting the first light signal towards a first region of the eye of the user by the dynamic optical beam-steerer of the scanning projector within the field of view of the eye of the user.

The method may further include: configuring the dynamic optical beam-steerer of the scanning projector in a second configuration within the field of view of the eye of the user; generating a second light signal representative of at least a second portion of the image by the light source of the scanning projector within the field of view of the eye of the user; and redirecting the second light signal towards a second region of the eye of the user by the dynamic optical beam-steerer of the scanning projector within the field of view of the eye of the user. The image may include N portions, where N is an integer greater than 2, and the method may further include: until i=(N+1), where i is an integer with an initial value of 3, sequentially: configuring the dynamic optical beam-steerer of the scanning projector in an i^(th) configuration within the field of view of the eye of the user; generating an i^(th) light signal representative of at least an i^(th) portion of the image by the light source of the scanning projector within the field of view of the eye of the user; and redirecting the i^(th) light signal towards an i^(th) region of the eye of the user by the dynamic optical beam-steerer of the scanning projector within the field of view of the eye of the user; and incrementing i by 1.

The wearable heads-up display may include a processor communicatively coupled to the light source and to the dynamic optical beam-steerer, and a non-transitory processor-readable storage medium communicatively coupled to the processor, the non-transitory processor-readable storage medium storing processor-executable instructions, and the method may further include executing the processor-executable instructions by the processor to: cause the processor to instruct the light source of the scanning projector to generate the first light signal representative of at least a first portion of the image within the field of view of the eye of the user; and cause the processor to instruct the dynamic optical beam-steerer to adopt the first configuration within the field of view of the eye of the user.

The wearable heads-up display may further include a second scanning projector positioned on or proximate the transparent element and within the field of view of the eye of the user, the second scanning projector physically spaced apart from the first scanning projector and the second scanning projector comprising a second light source and a second dynamic optical beam-steerer, the method may further include: configuring the second dynamic optical beam-steerer of the second scanning projector in a first configuration within the field of view of the eye of the user; generating a light signal representative of at least a portion of an image by the second light source of the second scanning projector within the field of view of the eye of the user; and redirecting the light signal towards a region of the eye of the user by the second dynamic optical beam-steerer of the second scanning projector within the field of view of the eye of the user. The wearable heads-up display may include an eye-tracker, and the method may further include: determining a position of the eye of the user by the eye-tracker; and selectively activating/deactivating the first scanning projector and/or the second scanning projector based, at least in part, on the position of the eye of the user determined by the eye-tracker.

A wearable heads-up display may be summarized as including: a support structure that in use is worn on a head of a user; a first transparent element that is physically coupled to the support structure, wherein the first transparent element is substantially planar and positioned within a field of view of at least one eye of the user when the support structure is worn on the head of the user; a first light-emitting element physically coupled to the support structure and positioned proximate a periphery of the first transparent element; a first controllably rotatable reflector physically coupled to the support structure and positioned to, in use, receive a light provided by the first light-emitting element and reflect the light provided by the first light-emitting element; a first set of static light-redirection elements, each static light-redirection element in the first set of static light-redirection elements positioned on or proximate the first transparent element in the field of view of the at least one eye of the user when the support structure is worn on the head of the user, wherein in use at least one static light-redirection element in the first set of static light-redirection elements receives the light reflected by the first controllably rotatable reflector and redirects the light reflected by the first controllably rotatable reflector towards the at least one eye of the user, the at least one static light-redirection element selected by an angle of the first controllably reflector.

The first light-emitting element may include a register of light-emitting diodes. The first controllably rotatable reflector may include an elongated reflective bar that is controllably rotatable about an axis that is parallel to or collinear with a longitudinal axis thereof, and the elongated reflective bar may be positioned to, in use, receive a respective light provided by each respective light-emitting diode in the register of light-emitting diodes and reflect the respective light provided by each respective light-emitting diode in the register of light-emitting diodes.

The first light-emitting element may include at least one laser. The first controllably rotatable reflector may be controllably rotatable about at least two orthogonal axes.

The wearable heads-up display may further include at least one collimator positioned in between the first light-emitting element and the first controllably rotatable reflector, wherein in use the light provided by the first light-emitting element passes through the at least one collimator before receipt by the first controllably rotatable reflector.

The first transparent element may include a prescription eyeglass lens.

Each static light-redirection element in the set of static light-redirection elements may include a respective thin-film element that is affixed to the first transparent element. Each static light-redirection element in the set of static light redirection elements may be selected from the group consisting of: a prismatic structure, a prismatic film, a refractive element, a reflector, a parabolic reflector, and a holographic optical element.

The first transparent element may be positioned within a field of view of a first eye of the user when the support structure is worn on the head of the user, and the wearable heads-up display may further include: a second transparent element physically coupled to the support structure, wherein the second transparent element is substantially planar and positioned within a field of view of a second eye of the user when the support structure is worn on the head of the user; a second light-emitting element physically coupled to the support structure and positioned proximate a periphery of the second transparent element; a second controllably rotatable reflector physically coupled to the support structure and positioned to, in use, receive a light provided by the second light-emitting element and reflect the light provided by the second light-emitting element; a second set of static light-redirection elements, each static light-redirection element in the second set of static light-redirection elements positioned on or proximate the second transparent element in the field of view of the second eye of the user when the support structure is worn on the head of the user, wherein in use at least one static light-redirection element in the second set of static light-redirection elements receives the light reflected by the second controllably rotatable reflector and redirects the light reflected by the second controllably rotatable reflector towards the second eye of the user, the at least one static light-redirection element in the second set of static light-redirection elements selected by an angle of the second controllably reflector.

The support structure may have a general shape and appearance of a set of eyeglasses.

The wearable heads-up display may further include a processor physically coupled to the support structure and communicatively coupled to both the first light-emitting element and the first controllably rotatable reflector; and a non-transitory processor-readable storage medium physically coupled to the support structure and communicatively coupled to the processor, wherein the non-transitory processor-readable storage medium stores processor-executable instructions that, when executed by the processor, cause the processor to: control the light provided by the first light-emitting element; and control an angle of the first controllably rotatable reflector.

A method of operating a wearable heads-up display when the wearable heads-up display is worn on a head of a user, the wearable heads-up display including a transparent element positioned in a field of view of the user, at least one light-emitting element positioned at a periphery of the transparent element and substantially outside of the field of view of the user, a controllably rotatable reflector positioned at a periphery of the transparent element and substantially outside of the field of view of the user, and a set of static light-redirection elements positioned on or proximate the transparent element and within the field of view of the user, may be summarized as including: positioning the controllably rotatable reflector in a first rotational orientation; generating a first light signal representative of at least a first portion of an image by the at least one light-emitting element; reflecting the first light signal towards a first static light-redirection element in the set of static light-redirection elements by the controllably rotatable reflector, the first static light-redirection element determined by the first rotational orientation of the controllably rotatable reflector; and redirecting the first light signal towards an eye of the user by the particular static light-redirection element.

The method may further include: positioning the controllably rotatable reflector in a second rotational orientation; generating a second light signal representative of a second portion of the image by the at least one light-emitting element; reflecting the second light signal towards a second static light-redirection element in the set of static light-redirection elements by the controllably rotatable reflector, the second static light-redirection element determined by the second rotational orientation of the controllably rotatable reflector; and redirecting the second light signal towards the eye of the user by the second static light-redirection element. The image may include N portions, where N is an integer greater than 2, and the method may further include: until i=(N+1), where i is an integer with an initial value of 3, sequentially: positioning the controllably rotatable reflector in an ith rotational orientation; generating an ith light signal representative of an ith portion of the image by the at least one light-emitting element; reflecting the ith light signal towards an ith static light-redirection element in the set of static light-redirection elements by the controllably rotatable reflector, the ith static light-redirection element determined by the ith rotational orientation of the controllably rotatable reflector; redirecting the ith light signal towards the eye of the user by the ith static light-redirection element; and incrementing i by 1.

The method may further include collimating the first light signal by at least one collimator.

The wearable heads-up display may include a processor communicatively coupled to the at least one light-emitting element and to the controllably rotatable reflector, and a non-transitory processor-readable storage medium communicatively coupled to the processor, the non-transitory processor-readable storage medium storing processor-executable instructions, and the method may further include executing the processor-executable instructions by the processor to: cause the processor to instruct the at least one light-emitting element to generate the first light signal representative of at least a first portion of the image; and cause the processor to instruct the controllably rotatable reflector to adopt the first rotational orientation.

A wearable heads-up display may be summarized as including: a support structure that in use is worn on a head of a user; a first transparent element that is physically coupled to the support structure, wherein the first transparent element is substantially planar and positioned within a field of view of at least one eye of the user when the support structure is worn on the head of the user; a first light-emitting element physically coupled to the support structure and positioned proximate a periphery of the first transparent element; a first light-redirecting element physically coupled to the support structure and positioned to, in use, receive a light provided by the first light-emitting element and redirect the light provided by the first light-emitting element; a first controllably rotatable reflector positioned on or proximate the first transparent element in the field of view of the at least one eye of the user when the support structure is worn on the head of the user, wherein in use the first controllably rotatable reflector receives the light redirected by the first controllably rotatable reflector and reflects the light towards the at least one eye of the user.

A method of operating a wearable heads-up display when the wearable heads-up display is worn on a head of a user, the wearable heads-up display including a transparent element positioned in a field of view of the user, at least one light-emitting element positioned at a periphery of the transparent element and substantially outside of the field of view of the user, a light-redirecting element positioned at a periphery of the transparent element and substantially outside of the field of view of the user, and a controllably rotatable reflector positioned on or proximate the transparent element and within the field of view of the user, may be summarized as including: positioning the controllably rotatable reflector in a first rotational orientation; generating a first light signal representative of at least a first portion of an image by the at least one light-emitting element; redirecting the first light signal towards the controllably rotatable reflector by the light-redirecting element; and reflecting the first light signal towards an eye of the user by the controllably rotatable reflector.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE SEVERAL VIEWS OF THE DRAWINGS

In the drawings, identical reference numbers identify similar elements or acts. The sizes and relative positions of elements in the drawings are not necessarily drawn to scale. For example, the shapes of various elements and angles are not necessarily drawn to scale, and some of these elements are arbitrarily enlarged and positioned to improve drawing legibility. Further, the particular shapes of the elements as drawn are not necessarily intended to convey any information regarding the actual shape of the particular elements, and have been solely selected for ease of recognition in the drawings.

FIG. 1 is an illustrative diagram showing a side view of a wearable heads-up display in accordance with the present systems, devices, and methods.

FIG. 2 is an illustrative diagram showing a front view of a wearable heads-up display in accordance with the present systems, devices, and methods.

FIG. 3A is an illustrative diagram showing a side view of a wearable heads-up display in a first stage of an exemplary use in accordance with the present systems, devices, and methods.

FIG. 3B is an illustrative diagram showing a front view of a wearable heads-up display in the first stage of the exemplary use in accordance with the present systems, devices, and methods.

FIG. 3C is an illustrative diagram showing a side view of a wearable heads-up display in a second stage of the exemplary use in accordance with the present systems, devices, and methods.

FIG. 3D is an illustrative diagram showing a front view of a wearable heads-up display in the second stage of the exemplary use in accordance with the present systems, devices, and methods.

FIG. 3E is an illustrative diagram showing a side view of a wearable heads-up display in a third stage of the exemplary use in accordance with the present systems, devices, and methods.

FIG. 3F is an illustrative diagram showing a front view of a wearable heads-up display in the third stage of the exemplary use in accordance with the present systems, devices, and methods.

FIG. 3G is an illustrative diagram showing a side view of a wearable heads-up display in a fourth stage of the exemplary use in accordance with the present systems, devices, and methods.

FIG. 3H is an illustrative diagram showing a front view of a wearable heads-up display in the fourth stage of the exemplary use in accordance with the present systems, devices, and methods.

FIG. 3I is an illustrative diagram showing a side view of a wearable heads-up display in a fifth stage of the exemplary use in accordance with the present systems, devices, and methods.

FIG. 3J is an illustrative diagram showing a front view of a wearable heads-up display in the fifth stage of the exemplary use in accordance with the present systems, devices, and methods.

FIG. 3K is an illustrative diagram showing a front view of a wearable heads-up display and summarizing the cumulative effect of the exemplary use in accordance with the present systems, devices, and methods.

FIG. 4 is an illustrative diagram showing a front view (from the user's point of view) of a wearable heads-up display employing multiple lens-mounted scanning projectors in accordance with the present systems, devices, and methods.

FIG. 5 is a perspective view of an exemplary wearable heads-up display employing two transparent display elements in accordance with the present systems, devices, and methods.

FIG. 6 is a flow-diagram showing a method of operating at least one transparent display element of a wearable heads-up display when the wearable heads-up display is worn on a head of a user in accordance with the present systems, devices, and methods.

FIG. 7 is an illustrative diagram showing a side view of a wearable heads-up display in accordance with the present systems, articles, and methods.

FIG. 8 is an illustrative diagram showing a side view of an alternative configuration for a wearable heads-up display in accordance with the present systems, articles, and methods.

FIG. 9 is an illustrative diagram showing a front view of a wearable heads-up display in accordance with the present systems, articles, and methods.

FIG. 10 is an illustrative diagram showing a front view of a wearable heads-up display in accordance with the present systems, articles, and methods.

FIG. 11A is an illustrative diagram showing a side view of a wearable heads-up display in a first stage of an exemplary use in accordance with the present systems, articles, and methods.

FIG. 11B is an illustrative diagram showing a front view of a wearable heads-up display in the first stage of the exemplary use in accordance with the present systems, articles, and methods.

FIG. 11C is an illustrative diagram showing a side view of a wearable heads-up display in a second stage of the exemplary use in accordance with the present systems, articles, and methods.

FIG. 11D is an illustrative diagram showing a front view of a wearable heads-up display in the second stage of the exemplary use in accordance with the present systems, articles, and methods.

FIG. 11E is an illustrative diagram showing a side view of a wearable heads-up display in a third stage of the exemplary use in accordance with the present systems, articles, and methods.

FIG. 11F is an illustrative diagram showing a front view of a wearable heads-up display in the third stage of the exemplary use in accordance with the present systems, articles, and methods.

FIG. 11G is an illustrative diagram showing a side view of a wearable heads-up display in a fourth stage of the exemplary use in accordance with the present systems, articles, and methods.

FIG. 11H is an illustrative diagram showing a front view of a wearable heads-up display in the fourth stage of the exemplary use in accordance with the present systems, articles, and methods.

FIG. 11I is an illustrative diagram showing a side view of a wearable heads-up display in a fifth stage of the exemplary use in accordance with the present systems, articles, and methods.

FIG. 11J is an illustrative diagram showing a front view of a wearable heads-up display in the fifth stage of the exemplary use in accordance with the present systems, articles, and methods.

FIG. 11K is an illustrative diagram showing a front view of a wearable heads-up display and summarizing the cumulative effect of the exemplary use in accordance with the present systems, articles, and methods.

FIG. 12 is a perspective view of an exemplary wearable heads-up display employing two transparent display elements in accordance with the present systems, articles, and methods.

FIG. 13 is a flow-diagram showing a method of operating at least one transparent display element of a wearable heads-up display when the wearable heads-up display is worn on a head of a user in accordance with the present systems, articles, and methods.

FIG. 14 is an illustrative diagram showing a side view of a wearable heads-up display in accordance with the present systems, articles, and methods.

FIG. 15 is an illustrative diagram showing a front view of a wearable heads-up display in accordance with the present systems, articles, and methods.

FIG. 16 is a flow-diagram showing a method of operating at least one transparent display element of a wearable heads-up display when the wearable heads-up display is worn on a head of a user in accordance with the present systems, articles, and methods.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

In the following description, certain specific details are set forth in order to provide a thorough understanding of various disclosed embodiments. However, one skilled in the relevant art will recognize that embodiments may be practiced without one or more of these specific details, or with other methods, components, materials, etc. In other instances, well-known structures associated with portable electronic devices and head-worn devices, have not been shown or described in detail to avoid unnecessarily obscuring descriptions of the embodiments.

Unless the context requires otherwise, throughout the specification and claims which follow, the word “comprise” and variations thereof, such as, “comprises” and “comprising” are to be construed in an open, inclusive sense, that is as “including, but not limited to.”

Reference throughout this specification to “one embodiment” or “an embodiment” means that a particular feature, structures, or characteristics may be combined in any suitable manner in one or more embodiments.

As used in this specification and the appended claims, the singular forms “a,” “an,” and “the” include plural referents unless the content clearly dictates otherwise. It should also be noted that the term “or” is generally employed in its broadest sense, that is as meaning “and/or” unless the content clearly dictates otherwise.

The headings and Abstract of the Disclosure provided herein are for convenience only and do not interpret the scope or meaning of the embodiments.

The various embodiments described herein provide systems, devices, and methods for wearable heads-up displays that are at least partially transparent. The wearable heads-up displays described herein are significantly less bulky and less massive than other wearable heads-up displays available today.

Various wearable heads-up displays described herein each employ at least one “scanning projector” positioned within the field of view of an eye of the user and oriented to scan an image directly onto the user's eye in a similar way to that by which a conventional projector projects an image onto a display screen. The various embodiments of scanning projectors described herein each comprise at least one light-emitting element (e.g., a “light source,” “laser”, “light emitting diode(s)”) that produces and/or provides (e.g., generates and/or emits) an image in portions (e.g., “light signals”) at a time (e.g., on a pixel-by-pixel basis, a row-by-row basis, or a column-by-column basis) and a dynamic optical beam-steerer that directs the light signal portions of the image towards corresponding regions of the user's eye. As will be discussed in more detail later on, the dynamic optical beam-steerer may employ any of a variety of components and/or techniques, including without limitation, one or more of: a “reflector,” a “refractor,” a “diffractor,” a “mirror,” a “half silvered mirror,” a “dichroic filter,” a “prism,” an “optic,” and the like, and/or one or more element(s) that use any or all of reflection, refraction, and diffraction, either individually or in combination. The scanning projector generates and scans light directly over the user's eye to produce an image seen by the user. In the present systems, devices, and methods, the scanning projector is placed directly in the user's field of view, either on or at least proximate a transparent element of the wearable heads-up display such that the user may simultaneously see light from the external environment and light projected by the scanning projector of the wearable heads-up display.

Throughout this specification and the appended claims, reference is often made to a “transparent element” of a wearable heads-up display. As described in more detail later on, the wearable heads-up displays of the present systems, devices, and methods may be sized and dimensioned similar to (or otherwise have the general shape and appearance of) a pair of eyeglasses or sunglasses. In some embodiments, elements of the wearable heads-up display devices described herein may even be added to an existing pair of eyeglasses or sunglasses in order to convert the existing pair of eyeglasses or sunglasses into a wearable heads-up display as described herein. Accordingly, a “transparent element” of the wearable heads-up displays described herein may resemble or literally be a lens from a pair of eyeglasses or sunglasses, including but not limited to a prescription lens. Throughout the remainder of this description, the term “lens” is generally used to refer to such a “transparent element,” though a person of skill in the art will appreciate that the transparent element(s) of the present systems, devices, and methods may take other “non-lens” forms in some implementations. For example, in some implementations a transparent element may be better characterized as a window having no substantial optical power or “lensing” effect on light transmitted therethrough. Furthermore, the term “transparent” should be interpreted generally as “substantially transparent” and does not limit the present systems, devices, and methods to lenses and transparent elements having 100% transparency.

Throughout this specification and the appended claims, the term “dynamic” is often used to describe one or more optical beam-steerer(s). Unless the specific context requires otherwise, the term “dynamic optical beam-steerer” is used to describe a system or device that is controllably variable (either rigidly of flexibly, e.g., by deformation) in at least one parameter (e.g., its shape, its position, its rotation, its orientation, its index of refraction, its optical power, and/or another optical property or other optical properties) with respect to light signals that are incident thereon, where a direction or path of such incident light is controllably affected (e.g., redirected) by such controllably variable property. As examples, a dynamic optical beam-steerer may include any or all of: a medium having a controllable refractive index, a variable lens, a tunable diffraction grating, a mechanical mirror-based gimbal or beam-director, one or more rotatable mirrors or micromirrors (e.g., MEMS-based or galvanometer-based), multiple prisms (e.g., Risley prisms), phased-array optics, and/or the like.

A person of skill in the art will appreciate that, in general, one or more reflective element(s) may be replaced by one or more refractive element(s) and/or one or more diffractive element(s), and vice versa, with some re-alignment of the optical path sometimes necessary, to achieve the same final end trajectory of a light signal.

FIG. 1 is an illustrative diagram showing a side view of a wearable heads-up display 100 in accordance with the present systems, devices, and methods. Display 100 includes a lens (e.g., a “transparent element,” “partially transparent element,” “focusing lens”) 101 physically coupled to a support structure 150. In use, support structure 150 is worn on a head of a user so that lens 101 is positioned in front of and within a field of view of at least one eye 190 of the user. The combination of support structure 150 and lens 101 may resemble, or may literally be, a pair of eyeglasses or sunglasses. In the illustration of FIG. 1, an arm of support structure 150 is depicted, the arm 150 extending alongside of the user's head towards and, optionally, over an ear of the user. Lens 101 carries a scanning projector (e.g., a “scanning display element”) 120 positioned directly in the field of view of eye 190. Wearable heads-up display 100 operates in accordance with the principle that the human eye can position a light source in the field of view based on the angle at which light from the source enters the eye as opposed to strictly based on the position of the light source in the eye's field of view. For example, scanning projector 120 may be mounted directly on an inner surface of lens 101. Scanning projector 120 is a single package that integrates a controllable (e.g., modulatable) light source 110, a collimator 140, and a dynamic optical beam-steerer 130 all in a single device 120, though in alternative embodiments any one or combination of components in scanning projector 120 may be engineered and/or implemented as one or more distinct component(s).

Light source 110 generates and/or emits (e.g., “provides”) one or more light signal(s) 111 that represent(s) an image, or respective portions thereof. Light signals 111 are collimated by collimator 140 and redirected (e.g., steered) towards select regions of the user's eye 190 by beam-steerer 130. In the illustrated example, light source 110 and collimator 140 are both realized using a single microLED element (such as a microLED element available from InifiniLED Limited) in which an LED 110 is combined with a parabolic reflector 140 to produce collimated light 111. In accordance with the present systems, articles, and methods, the microLED is combined with a dynamic optical beam-steerer 130 which may comprise and/or implement any of the aforementioned beam-steering devices/techniques.

Parabolic reflector 140 is positioned in between light source 110 and dynamic optical beam-steerer 130 with respect to a path of light signals 111 provided by light source 110. Light source 110 is oriented to direct light signals 111 away from the eye 190 of the user and parabolic reflector 140 is oriented to reflect light signals 111 from light source 110 back towards the eye 190 of the user. In the illustrated embodiment, beam-steerer 130 is transmissive of light signals 111 provided by light source 110 and controllably rotatable about two orthogonal axes. Thus, beam-steerer 130 receives and relays collimated light (collimated beforehand by parabolic reflector 140); however, in some implementations one or more collimator(s) may be added downstream from beam-steerer 130 to collimate the light that is output thereby, or beam-steerer 130 may itself be adapted to receive non-collimated light and output collimated light.

Dynamic optical beam-steerer 130, within the field of view of eye 190, controls the angle at which light 111 output (also within the field of view of eye 190 though initially directed away from eye 190 in the illustrated embodiment) by light source 110 impinges on the eye 190. As described previously, the human eye can position a light source in the field of view based on the angle at which light from the source enters the eye; thus, the configuration of beam-steerer 130 determines the position of light signals 111 in the field of view of eye 190. In synchronization with a steering or “scan” pattern swept or otherwise effected by beam-steerer 130, light source 110 may modulate the intensity and/or color (if, for example, an RGB LED or RGB laser system is used) of light signals 111 (e.g., each light signal corresponding to a respective portion of an image).

Light source 110 may sequentially generate portions or aspects (e.g., pixels, rows, columns, etc.) of an image and these portions or aspects may be scanned over the eye 190 of the user by dynamic optical beam-steerer 130 to produce the collective image. Light from the user's external environment is depicted by rays 181, 182, 183, and 184, which pass through lens 101 and into the user's eye 190 substantially unaffected. Scanning project 120 may block or occlude a small amount of light from the user's external environment from reaching eye 190, but scanning projector 190 is positioned in such close proximity to eye 190 that eye 190 cannot focus thereupon, and scanning projector 120 is advantageously small enough (e.g., smaller than the pupil of the eye into which the scanning projector projects) that any such occlusion is negligible. Scanning projector 120 may be communicatively coupled to a power source and/or a control system (not illustrated in FIG. 1 but generally carried somewhere on or by support structure 150) by one or more communication pathways, such as one or more substantially transparent electrically conductive traces. FIG. 2 is an illustrative diagram showing a front view (from the user's perspective) of a wearable heads-up display 200 in accordance with the present systems, devices, and methods. Display 200 is substantially similar to display 100 from FIG. 1. Display 200 includes a lens 201 carried by a support structure 250. Support structure 250 includes a support arm 251 that that extends towards and, optionally, over an ear of the user when wearable heads-up display 200 is worn on a head of the user. On or proximate lens 201 and positioned directly within a field of view of an eye of the user, wearable heads-up display 200 includes a scanning projector 220. Scanning projector 220 includes a light source (e.g., one or more LED(s) or laser(s)) and a dynamic optical beam-steerer that, in the illustrated embodiment, is operative to steer light signals provided by the light source in two orthogonal directions. Scanning projector 220 may also include a collimator as described for scanning projector 120 in FIG. 1. Dynamic optical beam-steerer 220 may include one or more (“MEMS”) based device(s) and may be sufficiently small to allow a majority of external light to pass through lens 201 unblocked. In the illustrated implementation, dynamic optical beam-steerer 220 is controllably rotatable about two orthogonal axes and therefore operable to redirect/scan light from its light source over the entire area of the user's eye. Dynamic optical beam-steerer 220 is electrically communicatively coupled (by at least one thin or substantially transparent electrically conductive pathway 221, e.g., adhered with glue or deposited as a thin film on a surface of lens 201) to and controlled by a controller 222 (e.g., variable current or power source) carried by support structure 250.

FIGS. 3A through 3K provide an illustrative example of how the wearable heads-up displays described herein can be used to display an image in the same field of view as light from external sources. FIGS. 3A through 3K implement transparent displays that are substantially similar to displays 100 and 200 from FIGS. 1 and 2, respectively.

FIGS. 3A and 3B are illustrative diagrams showing a side view and a front view, respectively, of a wearable heads-up display 300 in a first stage of an exemplary use in accordance with the present systems, devices, and methods. In the first stage of the exemplary use, a light source 310 component of a scanning projector 320, within the field of view of the user, is modulated to sequentially generate and emit a first set of light signals that together represent a first (i.e., topmost) row (e.g., row of pixels) of an image. The first set of light signals are substantially collimated by a collimator 340 component of the scanning projector 320 and received, also within the field of view of the user, by a dynamic optical beam-steerer 330 component of the scanning projector 320. Beam-steerer 330 redirects (e.g., reflects, refracts, diffracts, or some combination thereof) the first set of light signals towards select regions of the eye of the user. Since the first set of light signals correspond to the topmost row (e.g., row of pixels) of the image, beam-steerer 330 is positioned in a first rotational orientation in a first axis (e.g., a vertical or y-axis) and scans/rotates across a second axis (e.g., a horizontal or x-axis) to steer the light signals over a first region of the user's eye in the horizontal direction at a first angle in the vertical direction. Light from external sources passes through lens 301 to allow the user to see through the display 300 while light from light source 310 is directed into the user's field of view from beam-steerer 330.

FIGS. 3C and 3D are illustrative diagrams showing a side view and a front view, respectively, of display 300 in a second stage of the exemplary use in accordance with the present systems, devices, and methods. In the second stage of the exemplary use, light source 310 generates and emits, within the field of view of the eye of the user, a second set of light signals that together represent a second row (e.g., row of pixels) of an image. The second set of light signals are substantially collimated by collimators 340 and received by dynamic optical beam-steerer 330. Beam-steerer 330 redirects (e.g., reflects, refracts, diffracts, or some combination thereof), within the field of view of the eye of the user, the second set of light signals towards select regions of the eye of the user. Since the second set of light signals correspond to the second row (e.g., row of pixels) of the image, beam-steerer 330 is positioned in a second rotational orientation in the first axis (e.g., the vertical or y-axis) and scans/rotates across the second axis (e.g., the horizontal or x-axis) to steer the light signals over a second region of the user's eye in the horizontal direction at a second angle in the vertical direction. Light from external sources passes through lens 301 to allow the user to see through the display 300 while light from light source 310 is directed into the user's field of view from beam-steerer 330.

FIGS. 3E and 3F are illustrative diagrams showing a side view and a front view, respectively, of display 300 in a third stage of the exemplary use in accordance with the present systems, devices, and methods. In the third stage of the exemplary use, light source 310 generates and emits, within the field of view of the eye of the user, a third set of light signals that together represent a third row (e.g., row of pixels) of an image. The third set of light signals are substantially collimated by collimators 340 and received by beam-steerer 330. Beam-steerer 330 redirects (e.g., reflects, refracts, diffracts, or some combination thereof), within the field of view of the eye of the user, the third set of light signals towards select regions of the eye of the user. Since the third set of light signals correspond to the third row (e.g., row of pixels) of the image, beam-steerer is positioned in a third rotational orientation in the first axis (e.g., the vertical or y-axis) and scans/rotates across the second axis (e.g., the horizontal or x-axis) to steer the light signals over a third region of the user's eye in the horizontal direction at a third angle in the vertical direction. Light from external sources passes through lens 301 to allow the user to see through the display 300 while light from light source 310 is directed into the user's field of view from beam-steerer 330.

FIGS. 3G and 3H are illustrative diagrams showing a side view and a front view, respectively, of display 300 in a fourth stage of the exemplary use in accordance with the present systems, devices, and methods. In the fourth stage of the exemplary use, light source 310 generates and emits, within the field of view of the eye of the user, a fourth set of light signals that together represent a fourth row (e.g., row of pixels) of an image. The fourth set of light signals are substantially collimated by collimators 340 and received by beam-steerer 330. Beam-steerer 330 redirects (e.g., reflects, refracts, diffracts, or some combination thereof), within the field of view of the eye of the user, the fourth set of light signals towards select regions of the eye of the user. Since the fourth set of light signals correspond to the fourth row (e.g., row of pixels) of the image, beam-steerer 330 is positioned in a fourth rotational orientation in the first axis (e.g., the vertical or y-axis) and scans/rotates across the second axis (e.g., the horizontal or x-axis) to steer the light signals over a fourth region of the user's eye in the horizontal direction at a fourth angle in the vertical direction. Light from external sources passes through lens 301 to allow the user to see through the display 300 while light from light source 310 is directed into the user's field of view from beam-steerer 330.

FIGS. 3I and 3J are illustrative diagrams showing a side view and a front view, respectively, of display 300 in a fifth stage of the exemplary use in accordance with the present systems, devices, and methods. In the fifth stage of the exemplary use, light source 310 generates and emits, within the field of view of the eye of the user, a fifth set of light signals that together represent a fifth row (e.g., row of pixels) of an image. The fifth set of light signals are substantially collimated by collimators 340 and received by beam-steerer 330. Beam-steerer 330 redirects (e.g., reflects, refracts, diffracts, or some combination thereof), within the field of view of the eye of the user, the fifth set of light signals towards select regions of the eye of the user. Since the fifth set of light signals correspond to the fifth row (e.g., row of pixels) of the image, beam-steerer 330 is positioned in a fifth rotational orientation in the first axis (e.g., the vertical or y-axis) and scans/rotates across the second axis (e.g., the horizontal or x-axis) to steer the light signals over a fifth region of the user's eye in the horizontal direction at a fifth angle in the vertical direction. Light from external sources passes through lens 301 to allow the user to see through the display 300 while light from light source 310 is directed into the user's field of view from beam-steerer 330.

FIG. 3K is an illustrative diagram showing a front view (from the user's point of view) of display 300 and summarizing the cumulative effect of the exemplary use in accordance with the present systems, devices, and methods. In accordance with the present systems, devices, and apparatus, the light signals from light source 310 and the configuration of dynamic beam-steerer 330 (both respective components of scanning projector 320 and both positioned within the field of view of the eye of the user) may be substantially simultaneously switched, varied, cycled, modulated, or otherwise changed with sufficient rapidity (e.g., at a frequency on the order of hundreds of Hz, kHz, or even MHz) such that the user's eye does not detect the latency between receiving the light signals corresponding to the first row (e.g., row of pixels), as per FIGS. 3A and 3B, and receiving the light signals corresponding to the last row (e.g., last row of pixels), as per FIGS. 3I and 3J. The user sees a single cumulative image that projects upon, overlays, or otherwise shares the field of view with imagery from external sources and, in some implementations, may be tuned to exhibit varying degrees of transparency or opacity (e.g., by changing the frequency at which the elements are switched). FIG. 3K demonstrates that the cumulative effect of the successive portions of an image referenced in the exemplary use depicted in FIGS. 3A through 3J is an image of the word “HI” presented by display 300.

The wearable heads-up displays described herein may be used to display static or dynamic content (at virtually any resolution), including without limitation: text, images, notifications, maps, videos, menus, gauges, and/or dynamic user interfaces. As an example, 1080p video having a frame rate of 24 fps with a 16:9 aspect ratio may be presented by a display taught herein by synchronously modulating the light source (110, 210, 310) and the beam-steerer (130, 330) to project 1080 rows and 1920 columns at a switching at a rate of about 26 kHz (e.g., 1080 rows multiplied by 24 frames). Such is entirely feasible using, for example one or more laser diode(s) for the light source (110, 210, 310) and one or more microelectromechanical system (MEMS) based device(s) (e.g., digital micromirror) in the beam-steerer (130, 330).

While displays 100, 200, and 300 each implement a single scanning projector (120, 220, and 320, respectively) positioned in the user's field of view, alternative implementations may include multiple scanning projectors (120, 220, 320) positioned at multiple positions in the user's field of view on the lens (101, 201, 301, respectively), with each scanning projector communicatively coupled to a common or respective controller (e.g., 222) through a respective thin or substantially transparent electrically conductive pathway (e.g., 221). The use of multiple scanning projectors (120, 220, 320) can increase the field of view of the display (100, 200, 300) by using each scanning projector (120, 220, 320) to project a respective portion of a larger complete image, and/or the use of multiple scanning projectors (120, 220, 320) can increase the effective “eyebox” of the optical system by using each scanning projector (120, 220, 320) to project a respective copy of the same image. Increasing the effective eyebox enables the user to see the projected image from a wider range of eye positions; however, since scanning projectors (120, 220, 320) positioned in the user's field of view may block the transmission of light from external sources, it can be advantageous to use a small number of scanning projectors (120, 220, 320), such as 1, 2, 5 or fewer, between 5 and 10, or fewer than 20. In some implementations, a square grid of scanning projectors (120, 220, 320) may be used, such as 4 scanning projectors, 9 scanning projectors, 16 scanning projectors, and so on.

FIG. 4 is an illustrative diagram showing a front view (from the user's point of view) of a wearable heads-up display 400 employing multiple lens-mounted scanning projectors 421, 422, 423, and 424 in accordance with the present systems, devices, and methods. Display 400 is substantially similar to displays 100, 200, and 300 in that it includes a transparent element (or lens) 401 carried by a support structure 450 and positioned in the field of view of an eye of a user when the support structure 450 is worn on the head of the user. Like displays 100, 200, and 300, support structure 450 includes an arm 451 that extends towards the user's ear; however, display 400 differs from displays 100, 200, and 300 in that display 400 includes multiple (e.g., four in the illustrated embodiment) scanning projectors 421, 422, 424, and 424 all positioned on or proximate lens 401 in the field of view of the eye of the user, the four scanning projectors 421, 422, 423, and 424 all being physically spaced apart from one another. Depending on the specific implementation, any one or combination of scanning projectors may be active/inactive at any given time. That is, each of scanning projectors 421, 422, 423, and 424 may be selectively activatable/deactivatable.

The various embodiments described herein may also include systems and methods for eye tracking. As an example, display 400 includes an eye-tracker 470 (only a single component drawn, though a person of skill in the art will appreciate that an eye-tracker may include multiple components, such as for example an infrared light source and an infrared light detector). In use, eye-tracker 470 determines the position of the user's eye and/or the user's gaze direction relative to lens 401 and, in particular, relative to scanning projectors 421, 422, 423, and 424. With this information, display 400 may selectively control which of scanning projectors 421, 422, 423, and/or 424 is/are used to steer light signals into the user's eye. For example, if one or more of scanning projectors 421, 422, 423, and/or 424 is/are not capable of steering light signals into the region of the user's pupil given the user's pupil position as determined by eye-tracker 470, then that one or more dynamic reflector 421, 422,423, and/or 424 may be deactivated until the user moves their pupil to a new position. In other words, each of scanning projectors 421, 422, 423, and 424 may be selectively activatable/deactivatable based, at least in part, on a position of the at least one eye of the user as determined by eye-tracker 470.

The transparent displays described herein may be used in applications outside of the space of wearable heads-up displays (e.g., as televisions, monitors, and the like) or in more specialized applications such as window display screens. In applications where a transparent display is typically viewed from a distance (e.g., on the order of meters) the collimators described may not be necessary. However, with the use of collimators, the transparent displays described herein are particularly well-suited for use in wearable heads-up display devices. In such devices, a single transparent display may be positioned in the field of view of one eye of the user while no transparent display is positioned in the field of view of the other eye of the user, or a single transparent display may be positioned in (and span) the fields of views of both eyes of the user, or a first transparent display (e.g., 100, 200, 300) may be positioned in the field of view of a first eye of the user and a second transparent display (e.g., 100, 200, 300) may be positioned in the field of view of a second eye of the user. In the latter case, the second transparent display may essentially duplicate the first transparent display, with or without stereoscopic adjustment as desired.

FIG. 5 is a perspective view of an exemplary wearable heads-up display 500 employing two transparent displays 501, 502 in accordance with an implementation of the present systems, devices, and methods. Each of displays 501, 502 may be substantially similar to any of displays 100, 200, 300, and/or 400 described previously. Wearable heads-up display 500 includes a support structure 510 having the general shape and appearance of a set of eyeglasses or sunglasses and that, in use, is worn on a head of a user so that first display 501 is positioned within a field of view of a first eye of the user and second display 502 is positioned within a field of view of a second eye of the user. First and second sets of scanning projectors (not called out in FIG. 5 to reduce clutter) are positioned on or proximate displays 501 and 502, respectively, and, when support structure 510 is worn on the head of a user, within the field of view with the first and second eye of the user, respectively.

In order to control the content displayed on first transparent display 501, wearable heads-up display 500 includes a first processor 521 physically coupled to support structure 510 and communicatively coupled to the first set of scanning projectors of first display 501; and a first non-transitory processor-readable storage medium 531 physically coupled to support structure 510 and communicatively coupled to first processor 521. First non-transitory processor-readable storage medium 531 stores processor-executable instructions that, when executed by first processor 521, cause first processor 521 to: control the light provided by the light sources and control the angle/position/orientation of each beam steerer in the first set of scanning projectors of display 501. In some implementations, a single processor and a single non-transitory processor-readable storage medium may control the operations of both first display 501 and second display 502; however, in the illustrated example of FIG. 5, wearable heads-up display 500 includes a second processor 522 and a second non-transitory processor-readable storage medium 532 communicatively coupled thereto for controlling the scanning projectors of second display 502.

In some applications of wearable heads-up displays 500 that employ two transparent displays 501 and 502, both transparent displays 501 and 502 may simultaneously display visual content to the user. However, in other applications, it may be advantageous to rapidly alternate which of the two displays 501 and 502 is displaying content to the user while the other of displays 502 and 501 is in a state of maximal transparency. For example, in an application in which video is displayed to a user, all odd frames may be displayed on first display 501 while second display 502 is in a state of maximal transparency and all even frames may be displayed on second display 502 while first display 501 is in a state of maximal transparency. This approach can maximize the user's perception of light from external sources without noticeably detracting from the quality of the content displayed on displays 501 and 502. Similar techniques are employed in, for example, shutter-based 3D glasses.

In some applications of a wearable heads-up display, it may be advantageous for displayed content to be projected towards to a specific and limited region of the user's eye such that the displayed content may go in and out of the user's field of view depending on where the user is looking (i.e., the user will see the displayed content only if the user moves his/her pupil into the region where the displayed content is projected). For example, if all of the light signals generated by the wearable heads-up display are generally directed towards the top of the user's eye, then the user may only see the displayed content when the user glances upwards. Conversely, in other applications it may be advantageous for displayed content to remain visible to the user over a wide range of eye positions. In other words, it may be advantageous for the user to be able to see the displayed content regardless of where the user is looking (or, at least, when the user is looking in any of multiple different directions). The range of eye positions over which specific content is visible to the user is generally referred to as the “eyebox.” An application in which displayed content is only visible from a single or small range of eye positions has a “small eyebox,” and an application in which displayed content is visible form a wide range of eye positions has a “large eyebox.”

FIG. 6 is a flow-diagram showing a method 600 of operating at least one transparent display of a wearable heads-up display when the wearable heads-up display is worn on a head of a user in accordance with the present systems, devices, and methods. Method 600 includes six acts 601, 602, 603, 604, 605, and 606, though those of skill in the art will appreciate that in alternative embodiments certain acts may be omitted and/or additional acts may be added. In particular, as described in more details below, one or more repetitions of acts 601, 602, and 603 may be included in between act 603 and 604 for one or more additional light signals representative of one or more additional portion(s) of an image. Those of skill in the art will also appreciate that the illustrated order of the acts is shown for exemplary purposes only and may change in alternative embodiments. For the purpose of method 600, the term “user” refers to a person that is wearing the wearable heads-up display (e.g., 500).

At 601, a dynamic optical beam-steerer (e.g., 130, 330) of the display is configured in a first configuration (e.g., in a first rotational orientation) within the field of view of an eye of the user. The beam-steerer may include, for example, a MEMS-based component and the configuration of the dynamic beam-steerer may be controlled by, for example, a processor on-board the wearable heads-up display in response to the processor executing processor-executable instructions stored in a non-transitory processor-readable medium also located on-board the wearable heads-up display. The configuration of the beam-steerer may be controllable in a single or multiple dimensions.

At 602, a light source (e.g., 110, 210, 310, or 410) generates and emits, within the field of view of the eye of the user, a first light signal representative of at least a first portion of an image. The light source may include one or more LED(s) and/or OLED(s) of any number of colors, and/or one or more laser device(s)/module(s). The light source and the dynamic optical beam-steerer may be integrated together in a single package as a scanning projector. The first portion of the image may include a first pixel of the image, or a modulated pattern corresponding to the pixels of a first row of an image.

At 603, the dynamic optical beam-steerer redirects the first light signal towards a first region of the eye of the user within the field of view of the eye of the user. The placement of the corresponding image in the user's field of view depends on the configuration of the dynamic beam-steerer established at 601.

Acts 601, 602, and 603 may be repeated sequentially for multiple light signals respectively corresponding to multiple portions of an image. For example, acts 601, 602, and 603 may be repeated for a second light signal corresponding to a second portion of the image using a second configuration of the dynamic beam-steerer. When the image includes N portions, where N is an integer greater than 2, method 600 may include, until i=(N+1), where i is an integer with an initial value of 3, sequentially: configuring the dynamic beam-steerer in an i^(th) configuration within the field of view of the eye of the user; generating an i^(th) light signal representative of an i^(th) portion of the image by the light source within the field of view of the eye of the user; redirecting the i^(th) light signal towards an i^(th) region of the eye of the user by the dynamic beam-steerer within the field of view of the user; and incrementing i by 1.

In general, method 600 may include sequentially repeating acts 601, 602, and 603 for successive portions of the image until the N^(th) or final portion of the image is reached. Once the N^(th) or final portion of the image is reached, method 600 may proceed to act 604.

At 604, the dynamic optical beam-steerer is configured in a N^(th) configuration within the field of view of the eye of the user similar to act 601.

At 605, the light source generates and emits an N^(th) light signal representative of at least a N^(th) portion of the image within the field of view of the eye of the user similar to act 602.

At 606, the dynamic beam-steerer redirects the N^(th) light signal towards an N^(th) region of the eye of the user within the field of view of the eye of the user similar to act 603.

As previously described, a user may be better able to focus on images displayed on the transparent displays described herein when employed in wearable heads-up displays if the light signals corresponding to the images are directed in substantially parallel beams. To this end, method 600 may include collimating the light signals by at least one collimator and/or the light-redirection element may be engineered to produce/output substantially collimated light when the light is redirected.

The wearable heads-up display may include a processor and a non-transitory processor-readable storage medium communicatively coupled to the processor that together control at least some of the acts of method 600. For example, method 600 may further include executing, by the processor on-board the wearable heads-up display, processor-executable instructions stored in the non-transitory processor-readable medium to: cause the processor to instruct the at least one light source to generate and emit the light signal representative of at least a portion of the image per act 602/605; and cause the processor to instruct the dynamic beam-steerer to adopt the configuration per act 601/604.

As described previously and depicted in FIG. 4, the wearable heads-up displays of the present systems, devices, and methods may employ multiple scanning projectors, each mounted and spatially separated on or proximate the lens and in the field of view of the user when the user wears the heads-up display. Accordingly, the “dynamic beam steerer” referred to in method 600 may be interpreted as a “first dynamic beam steerer,” and if the wearable heads-up display includes at least a second scanning projectors then method 600 may be extended to include: i) configuring the second dynamic optical beam-steerer of the second scanning projector in a first configuration within the field of view of the eye of the user; ii) generating a light signal representative of at least a portion of an image by the second light source of the second scanning projector within the field of view of the eye of the user; and iii) redirecting the light signal towards a region of the eye of the user by the second dynamic optical beam-steerer of the second scanning projector within the field of view of the eye of the user.

As also depicted in FIG. 4, the wearable heads-up display may include an eye-tracker. In the case of a display that includes an eye-tracker, a first scanning projector, and at least a second scanning projector, method 600 may be extended to include: determining a position of the eye of the user by the eye-tracker; and selectively activating/deactivating the first scanning projector and/or the second scanning projector based, at least in part, on the position of the eye of the user determined by the eye-tracker.

FIG. 7 is an illustrative diagram showing a side view of a wearable heads-up display 700 in accordance with the present systems, articles, and methods. Display 700 includes a lens (i.e., a “transparent element) 701 physically coupled to a support structure 750. In use, support structure 750 is worn on a head of a user so that lens 701 is positioned in front of and within a field of view of at least one eye 790 of the user. The combination of support structure 750 and lens 701 may resemble, or may literally be, a pair of eyeglasses or sunglasses. Support structure 750 carries (e.g., on a frame portion thereof at a perimeter of lens 701 or on an arm portion thereof that extends towards and over an ear of the user) a first light-emitting element 710. In use, light-emitting element 710 generates one or more light signal(s) 711 that represent an image (or respective portions thereof). Light signal 711 is projected from light-emitting element 710 towards, and received by, a controllably rotatable reflector 720 that is also carried by support structure 750. Controllably rotatable reflector 720 reflects light signal 711 towards lens 701. Either on or proximate lens 701, display 700 includes a set of static light-redirecting elements 731. In the illustrated example of FIG. 7, set of static light-redirecting elements 731 comprises a thin film 730 that is affixed directly to a surface of lens 701, and each individual static light-redirecting element 731 comprises a respective reflector, such as a prismatic reflector or a parabolic reflector. In accordance with the present systems, articles, and methods, controllably rotatable reflector 720 selectively reflects light signal 711 towards a particular one of static light-redirecting elements 731 depending on the specific portion or aspect of an image to which light signal 711 corresponds. In this way, light-emitting element 710 generates discrete portions or aspects of an image and the combination of controllably rotatable reflector 720 and static light-redirecting elements 730 scans the discrete portions or aspects over the user's eye 790 to produce the complete image. In the illustrated example of FIG. 7, display 700 also includes a collimator 740 carried by support structure 750 and positioned in between light-emitting element 710 and controllably rotatable reflector 720 so that light signal 711 passes through collimator 740 and is collimated thereby. FIG. 7 also depicts environment light 781, 782, 783, and 784 passing through lens 701 unaffected by film 730 and/or light-redirecting elements 731 into the user's eye 790.

In exemplary display 700, light-redirecting elements 731 are static reflectors. That is, light-redirecting elements 731 are fixed in place and designed to reflect light signals 711 received from controllably rotatable reflector 720 (each specific static light-redirecting element 731 being selected by a respective rotational orientation of controllably rotatable reflector 720) into the user's field of view. Exemplary reflectors that may serve as light-redirecting elements 731 include, without limitation, prismatic structures such as prismatic reflectors and/or prismatic film, parabolic structures, and/or one or more holographic optical element(s). However, in alternative implementations, light-redirecting elements 731 may redirect light signals 711 by refraction as opposed to by reflection.

FIG. 8 is an illustrative diagram showing a side view of an alternative configuration for a wearable heads-up display 800 in accordance with the present systems, articles, and methods. Display 800 includes many similar elements to those described for display 700 but arranged in a different configuration. Specifically, display 800 includes a lens 801 physically coupled to a support structure 850, and support structure 850 carries a light-emitting element 810, a collimator 840, and a controllably rotatable reflector 820. Furthermore, lens 801 carries a set of static light-redirecting elements 830. A difference between display 700 and display 800 is as follows: in display 700, controllably rotatable reflector 720 is positioned out-of-plane from lens 701 and reflects light 711 towards specific static light-redirecting elements 731, from which light 711 is reflected into the user's field of view; whereas in display 800, controllably rotatable reflector 820 is positioned in-plane with lens 801 and reflects light 811 into lens 801, where light 811 is totally internally reflected until light 811 impinges on a static light-emitting element 830 where light 811 is refracted into the user's eye 890/field of view. Specific static light-redirecting (i.e., light-refracting) elements 830 are selected by respective rotational orientations of controllably rotatable reflector 820 that cause the totally internally reflected (i.e., within lens 801) path of light 811 to impinge upon respective ones of light-redirecting elements 830. Exemplary refractors that may serve as light-redirecting elements 830 include, without limitation, prismatic structures such as prismatic refractors and/or prismatic film. FIG. 8 also depicts environment light 881, 882, 883, and 884 passing through lens 801 unaffected by refractors 830 into the user's eye 890.

In both exemplary display 700 and exemplary display 800, light-emitting element 710, 810 and controllably rotatable reflector 720, 820 may be implemented in a variety of different configurations. Two exemplary configurations are provided in FIG. 9 and FIG. 10, respectively.

FIG. 9 is an illustrative diagram showing a front view of a wearable heads-up display 900 in accordance with the present systems, articles, and methods. For the purposes of FIG. 9, display 900 may be substantially similar to either display 700 from FIG. 7 or display 800 from FIG. 8. Display 900 includes a lens 901 carried by a support structure 950, and a set of static light-redirecting elements 930 carried by or proximate lens 901 in the user's field of view. Light-redirecting elements 930 may be reflective elements (similar to elements 731 from display 700, including holographic optical elements) or refractive elements (similar to elements 830 from display 800), and may or may not be applied as a thin film to a surface of lens 901. Display 900 also includes a light-emitting element 910 and a controllably rotatable reflector 920. In the exemplary implementation of display 900, light-emitting element 910 comprises a set, row, or “register” of light-emitting diodes 911 (including, in some implementations, organic light-emitting diodes) that, in use, may each correspond to a respective pixel of an image and the image may be accordingly scanned on a row-by-row basis as taught in U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 61/928,568. With light-emitting element 910 comprising a row of LEDs 911, controllably rotatable reflector 920 in display 900 comprises an elongated reflective bar or mirror 920 that is controllably rotatable about (e.g., rotationally or pivotally mounted for rotation or pivoting about, and/or deformable about) an axis 960 that is parallel to or collinear with the longitudinal axis of reflector 920. In some implementations, reflector 920 may comprise a micromirror device that is controllably rotatable in one rotational dimension.

FIG. 10 is an illustrative diagram showing a front view of a wearable heads-up display 1000 in accordance with the present systems, articles, and methods. For the purposes of FIG. 10, display 1000 may be substantially similar to either display 700 from FIG. 7 or display 800 from FIG. 8. Display 1000 includes a lens 1001 carried by a support structure 1050, and a set of static light-redirecting elements 1030 carried by or proximate lens 1001 in the user's field of view. Light-redirecting elements 1030 may be reflective elements (similar to elements 731 from display 700, including holographic optical elements) or refractive elements (similar to elements 830 from display 800), and may or may not be applied as a thin film to a surface of lens 1001. Display 1000 also includes a light-emitting element 1010 and a controllably rotatable (e.g., rotationally or pivotally mounted for rotation or pivoting, and/or deformable) reflector 1020. In the exemplary implementation of display 1000, light-emitting element 1010 comprises a laser (e.g., a monochromatic laser or an RGB laser) that, in use, may generate individual portions of an image (e.g., on a pixel-by-pixel basis, on a row-by-row basis, on a column-by-column basis, or otherwise) the image may be accordingly scanned on as taught in U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 61/928,568. With light-emitting element 1010 comprising a point-source laser, controllably rotatable reflector 1020 in display 1000 comprises reflector that is controllably rotatable about at least two orthogonal axes 1061 and 1062. In some implementations, reflector 1020 may comprise a micromirror device that is controllably rotatable in two rotational dimensions.

In both display 900 and display 1000, the light-emitting element 910, 1010 and the controllably rotatable reflector 920, 1020 are depicted on the portion of the support structure 950, 1050 that forms the perimeter of the lens 901, 1001, and specifically, at the “top” of the lens 901, 1001. This configuration is used for illustrative purposes only and in alternative implementation a light-emitting element and controllably rotatable reflector may be positioned at a side of bottom of a lens and/or on an arm of a support structure.

Controllably rotatable reflectors 920 and 1020 are shown in dashed lines in FIGS. 9 and 10, respectively, to indicate that controllably rotatable reflectors 920 and 1020 are at a different depth than light-emitting elements 910, 1010 (i.e., either above or beneath the page) in the illustrated embodiment.

FIGS. 11A through 11K provide an illustrative example of how the wearable heads-up displays described herein can be used to display an image in the same field of view as light from external sources. FIGS. 11A through 11K implement transparent display elements that are substantially similar to displays 700 and 900 from FIGS. 7 and 9, respectively, though displays that implement the configuration(s) of displays 800 and/or 1000, or other configurations consistent with the descriptions herein, may similarly be employed.

FIGS. 11A and 11B are illustrative diagrams showing a side view and a front view, respectively, of a wearable heads-up display 1100 in a first stage of an exemplary use in accordance with the present systems, articles, and methods. In the first stage of the exemplary use, a light-emitting element 1110 generates a first set of light signals that together represent a first (i.e., topmost) row (e.g., row of pixels) of an image. The first set of light signals are transmitted through collimators 1140 and the resulting parallel beams are directed towards controllably rotatable reflector 1120. Since the first set of light signals correspond to the topmost row (e.g., row of pixels) of the image, the controllably rotatable reflector 1120 is positioned in a first rotational orientation to reflect the light signals towards the topmost row of static light-redirecting elements (i.e., static reflectors) 1130 on a surface of lens 1101. Light from external sources passes through lens 1101 to allow the user to see through the display 1100 while light from light-emitting element 1110 is directed into the user's field of view from first row of static light-redirecting (i.e., reflecting) elements 1130.

FIGS. 11C and 11D are illustrative diagrams showing a side view and a front view, respectively, of transparent display element 1100 in a second stage of the exemplary use in accordance with the present systems, articles, and methods. In the second stage of the exemplary use, light-emitting element 1110 generates a second set of light signals that together represent a second row (e.g., row of pixels) of an image. The second set of light signals are transmitted through collimators 1140 and the resulting parallel beams are directed towards controllably rotatable reflector 1120. Since the second set of light signals correspond to the second row (e.g., row of pixels) of the image, the controllably rotatable reflector 1120 is positioned in a second rotational orientation to reflect the light signals towards the second row of static light-redirecting elements 1130 on a surface of lens 1101. Light from external sources passes through lens 1101 to allow the user to see through the display 1100 while light from light-emitting element 1110 is directed into the user's field of view from second row light-redirecting elements 1130.

FIGS. 11E and 11F are illustrative diagrams showing a side view and a front view, respectively, of transparent display element 1100 in a third stage of the exemplary use in accordance with the present systems, articles, and methods. In the third stage of the exemplary use, light-emitting element 1110 generates a third set of light signals that together represent a third row (e.g., row of pixels) of an image. The third set of light signals are transmitted through collimators 1140 and the resulting parallel beams are directed towards controllably rotatable reflector 1120. Since the third set of light signals correspond to the third row (e.g., row of pixels) of the image, the controllably rotatable reflector 1120 is positioned in a third rotational orientation to reflect the light signals towards the third row of static light-redirecting elements 1130 on a surface of lens 1101. Light from external sources passes through lens 1101 to allow the user to see through the display 1100 while light from light-emitting element 1110 is directed into the user's field of view from third row light-redirecting elements 1130.

FIGS. 11G and 11H are illustrative diagrams showing a side view and a front view, respectively, of transparent display element 1100 in a fourth stage of the exemplary use in accordance with the present systems, articles, and methods. In the fourth stage of the exemplary use, light-emitting element 1110 generates a fourth set of light signals that together represent a fourth row (e.g., row of pixels) of an image. The fourth set of light signals are transmitted through collimators 1140 and the resulting parallel beams are directed towards controllably rotatable reflector 1120. Since the fourth set of light signals correspond to the fourth row (e.g., row of pixels) of the image, the controllably rotatable reflector 1120 is positioned in a fourth rotational orientation to reflect the light signals towards the fourth row of static light-redirecting elements 1130 on a surface of lens 1101. Light from external sources passes through lens 1101 to allow the user to see through the display 1100 while light from light-emitting element 1110 is directed into the user's field of view from fourth row light-redirecting elements 1130.

FIGS. 11I and 11J are illustrative diagrams showing a side view and a front view, respectively, of a transparent display element 1100 in a fifth stage of the exemplary use in accordance with the present systems, articles, and methods. In the fifth stage of the exemplary use, light-emitting element 1110 generates a fifth set of light signals that together represent a fifth row (e.g., row of pixels) of an image. The fifth set of light signals are transmitted through collimators 1140 and the resulting parallel beams are directed towards controllably rotatable reflector 1120. Since the fifth set of light signals correspond to the fifth row (e.g., row of pixels) of the image, the controllably rotatable reflector 1120 is positioned in a fifth rotational orientation to reflect the light signals towards the fifth row of static light-redirecting elements 1130 on a surface of lens 1101. Light from external sources passes through lens 1101 to allow the user to see through the display 1100 while light from light-emitting element 1110 is directed into the user's field of view from fifth row light-redirecting elements 1130.

FIG. 11K is an illustrative diagram showing a front view of transparent display element 1100 and summarizing the cumulative effect of the exemplary use in accordance with the present systems, articles, and methods. In accordance with the present systems, articles, and apparatus, the light signals from light-emitting element 1110 and the rotational orientation of controllably rotatable reflector 1120 may be substantially simultaneously switched, varied, cycled, or otherwise changed with sufficient rapidity (e.g., at a frequency on the order of hundreds of Hz, kHz, or even MHz) such that the user's eye does not detect the latency between receiving the light signals corresponding to the first row (e.g., row of pixels), as per FIGS. 11A and 11B, and receiving the light signals corresponding to the last row (e.g., last row of pixels), as per FIGS. 111 and 11J. The user sees a single cumulative image that projects upon, overlays, or otherwise shares the field of view with imagery from external sources and, in some implementations, may be tuned to exhibit varying degrees of transparency or opacity (e.g., by changing the frequency at which the elements are switched). FIG. 11K demonstrates that the cumulative effect of the successive portions of an image referenced in the exemplary use depicted in FIGS. 11A through 11J is an image of the word “HI.” displayed on transparent display element 1100.

The wearable heads-up displays described herein may be used to display static or dynamic content (at virtually any resolution), including without limitation: text, images, maps, videos, menus, gauges, and/or dynamic user interfaces. As an example, 1080p video having a frame rate of 24 fps with a 16:9 aspect ratio may be displayed by a display taught herein with a set of static light-redirecting elements (e.g., 730, 830, 930, 1030, and/or 1130) elements having 1080 rows, a light-emitting element having 1920 individual light-emitting diodes (e.g., 911), and with both the controllably rotatable reflector (720, 820, 920, 1020, and/or 1120) and the light-emitting element (e.g., 710, 810, 910, 1010, and/or 1110) being capable of switching at a rate of about 26 kHz (i.e., 1080 rows multiplied by 24 frames). Such is entirely feasible using, for example OLED technology for light-emitting elements 911 and a microelectromechanical system (MEMS) based micromirror (e.g., digital micromirror) for the controllably rotatable reflector (720, 820, 920, 1020, and/or 1120).

The transparent display elements described herein may be used in applications outside of the space of wearable heads-up displays (e.g., as televisions, monitors, and the like) or in more specialized applications such as window display screens. In applications where a transparent display element is typically viewed from a distance (i.e., on the order of meters) the collimators described may not be necessary. However, with the use of collimators, the transparent display elements described herein are particularly well-suited for use in wearable heads-up display devices. In such devices, a single transparent display element may be positioned in the field of view of one eye of the user while no transparent display element is positioned in the field of view of the other eye of the user, or a single transparent display element may be positioned in (and span) the fields of views of both eyes of the user, or a first transparent display element (e.g., 700, 800, 900, 1000, or 1100) may be positioned in the field of view of a first eye of the user and a second transparent display element (e.g., 700, 800, 900, 1000, or 1100) may be positioned in the field of view of a second eye of the user. In the latter case, the second transparent display element may essentially duplicate the first transparent display element.

FIG. 12 is a perspective view of an exemplary wearable heads-up display 1200 employing two transparent display elements 1201, 1202 in accordance with the present systems, articles, and methods. Each of display elements 1201, 1202 may be substantially similar to any of displays 700, 800, 900, 1000, or 1100 described previously. Wearable heads-up display 1200 includes a support structure 1210 having the general shape and appearance of a set of eyeglasses or sunglasses and that, in use, is worn on a head of a user so that first display element 1201 is positioned within a field of view of a first eye of the user and second display element 1202 is positioned within a field of view of a second eye of the user. When worn on the head of the user, the first and second light-emitting elements (not called out in FIG. 12 to reduce clutter) respectively corresponding to first and second display elements 1201 and 1202 are preferably positioned near or beyond a periphery of the field of view of the corresponding eye of the user and first and second controllably rotatable reflectors (also not called out in FIG. 12 to reduce clutter) respectively corresponding to first and second display elements 1201 and 1202 are also preferably positioned within the field of view of the corresponding eye of the user. First and second sets of static light-redirecting elements (also not called out in FIG. 12 to reduce clutter) are positioned on or proximate display elements 1201 and 1202, respectively, within the field of view with the first and second eye of the user, respectively. As shown in FIG. 12, the respective light-emitting elements of each of display elements 1201 and 1202 are positioned near the top of or above the fields of view of the corresponding eyes of the user; however, in alternative implementations one or more light-emitting elements may be positioned near the bottom of or below the field of view of at least one eye of the user and/or near a side edge of or beside the field of view of at least one eye of the user.

In order to control the content displayed on first transparent display element 1201, wearable heads-up display 1200 includes a first processor 1221 physically coupled to support structure 1210 and communicatively coupled to both the first light-emitting element and the first controllably rotatable reflector of first display element 1201; and a first non-transitory processor-readable storage medium 1231 physically coupled to support structure 1210 and communicatively coupled to first processor 1221. First non-transitory processor-readable storage medium 1231 stores processor-executable instructions that, when executed by first processor 1221, cause first processor 1221 to: control the light provided by the first light-emitting element and control an angle of the first controllably rotatable reflector. In some implementations, a single processor and a single non-transitory processor-readable storage medium may control the operations of both first display element 1201 and second display element 1202; however, in the illustrated example of FIG. 12, wearable heads-up display 1200 includes a second processor 1222 and a second non-transitory processor-readable storage medium communicatively coupled thereto for controlling second display element 1202.

Some implementations of the present systems, articles, and methods may employ off-board processing as described in U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 61/989,848, which is incorporated by reference herein in its entirety.

In some applications of wearable heads-up displays 1200 that employ two transparent display elements 1201 and 1202, both transparent display elements 1201 and 1202 may simultaneously display visual content to the user. However, in other applications, it may be advantageous to rapidly alternate which of the two display elements 1201 and 1202 is displaying content to the user while the other of display elements 1202 and 1201 is in a state of maximal transparency. For example, in an application in which video is displayed to a user, all odd frames may be displayed on first display element 1201 while second display element 1202 is in a state of maximal transparency and all even frames may be displayed on second display element 1202 while first display element 1201 is in a state of maximal transparency. This approach can maximize the user's perception of light from external sources without noticeably detracting from the quality of the content displayed on display elements 1201 and 1202. Similar techniques are employed in, for example, shutter-based 3D glasses.

FIG. 13 is a flow-diagram showing a method 1300 of operating at least one transparent display element of a wearable heads-up display when the wearable heads-up display is worn on a head of a user in accordance with the present systems, articles, and methods. Method 1300 includes eight acts 1301, 1302, 1303, 1304, 1305, 1306, 1307, and 1308, though those of skill in the art will appreciate that in alternative embodiments certain acts may be omitted and/or additional acts may be added. In particular, as described in more details below, one or more repetitions of acts 1301, 1302, 1303, and 1304 may be included in between act 1304 and 1305 for one or more additional light signals representative of one or more additional portion(s) of an image. Those of skill in the art will also appreciate that the illustrated order of the acts is shown for exemplary purposes only and may change in alternative embodiments. For the purpose of method 1300, the term “user” refers to a person that is wearing the wearable heads-up display (e.g., 1200).

At 1301, a controllably rotatable reflector (e.g., 720, 820, 920, 1020, or 1120) of the display is positioned in a first rotational orientation. The reflector may include, for example, a digital micromirror such as a MEMS-based micromirror and the positioning of the reflector may be controlled by, for example, a processor on-board the wearable heads-up display in response to the processor executing processor-executable instructions stored in a non-transitory processor-readable medium also located on-board the wearable heads-up display. The rotational orientation of the reflector may be controllable in a single or multiple rotational dimensions depending on the implementation and the nature of the light-emitting element (as described previously, for example, with reference to FIGS. 9 and 10).

At 1302, a first light-emitting element (e.g., 710, 810, 910, 1010, or 1110) generates a first light signal representative of a first portion of an image. The first light-emitting element may include LEDs and/or OLEDs of any number of colors, and or one or more laser devices/modules. If the first light-emitting element is arranged in a row and positioned above or below the field of view of the user (e.g., as element 910 in FIG. 9), then the first portion of the image may include a first row of the image.

At 1303, the controllably rotatable reflector reflects the first light signal towards a first static light-redirecting element (e.g., 730, 830, 930, 1030, or 1130) at or proximate a lens of the display. The first static light-redirecting element may be one of a set of static light-redirecting elements that is effectively selected by the first rotational orientation of the controllably rotatable reflector. Depending on the implementation (e.g., display 700 vs. display 800) the controllably rotatable reflector may reflect the first light signal directly towards the first static light-redirecting element (as in display 700) or the controllably rotatable reflector may reflect the first light signal into a plane of the lens of the display, in which the first light signal may be totally internally reflected until it impinges upon the first static light-redirecting element.

At 1304, the first static light-redirecting element redirects the first light signal towards an eye of the user and into the user's field of view so that the user sees the first light signal. Depending on the specific implementation (e.g., display 700 vs. display 800), the first light-redirecting element may reflect (per display 700) or refract (per display 800) the first light signal towards the eye of the user.

Acts 1301, 1302, 1303, and 1304 may be repeated sequentially for multiple light signals respectively corresponding to multiple portions of an image. For example, acts 1301, 1302, 1303, and 1304 may be repeated for a second light signal corresponding to a second portion of the image using a second rotational orientation of the controllably rotatable reflector and a second static light-redirecting element. When the image includes N portions, where N is an integer greater than 2, method 1300 may include, until i=(N+1), where i is an integer with an initial value of 9, sequentially: positioning the controllably rotatable reflector in an i^(th) rotational orientation; generating an i^(th) light signal representative of an i^(th) portion of the image by the at least one light-emitting element; reflecting the i^(th) light signal towards an i^(th) static light-redirection element in the set of static light-redirection elements by the controllably rotatable reflector, the i^(th) static light-redirection element determined by the i^(th) rotational orientation of the controllably rotatable reflector; redirecting the i^(th) light signal towards the eye of the user by the i^(th) static light-redirection element; and incrementing i by 1.

In general, method 1300 may include sequentially repeating acts 1301, 1302, 1303, and 1304 for successive portions of the image until the N^(th) or final portion of the image is reached. Once the N^(th) or final portion of the image is reached, method 1300 may proceed to act 1305.

At 1305, the controllably rotatable reflector is positioned in a N^(th) rotational orientation similar to act 1301.

At 1306, the light-emitting element generates an N^(th) light signal representative of at least a N^(th) portion of the image similar to act 1302.

At 1307, the controllably rotatable reflector reflects the N^(th) light signal towards a N^(th) static light-redirecting element similar to act 1303.

At 1308, the N^(th) static light-redirecting element redirects (e.g., reflects or refracts depending on the implementation) the N^(th) light signal towards the eye of the user similar to act 1304.

As previously described, a user may be better able to focus on images displayed on the transparent display elements described herein when employed in wearable heads-up displays if the light signals corresponding to the images are directed in substantially parallel beams. To this end, method 1300 may include collimating the light signals by at least one collimator.

Furthermore, the wearable heads-up display may include a processor and a non-transitory processor-readable storage medium communicatively coupled to the processor that together control at least some of the acts of method 1300. For example, method 1300 may further include executing, by the processor on-board the wearable heads-up display, processor-executable instructions stored in the non-transitory processor-readable medium to: cause the processor to instruct the at least one light-emitting element to generate the first light signal representative of at least a first portion of the image per act 1302/1306; and cause the processor to instruct the controllably rotatable reflector to adopt the first rotational orientation per act 1301/1305.

Throughout this specification and the appended claims, the term “static” is often used to describe one or more light-redirecting element(s). Unless the specific context requires otherwise, the term ‘static” is used to indicate that the corresponding elements (i.e., static light-redirecting elements) are substantially fixed in place relative to the wearable heads-up display and not controllable, movable, rotatable, etc. In other words, a static element is a passive element, such as a reflector or refractor that is fixed in place. The term static is used to distinguish such elements from active elements of a wearable heads-up display that are dynamically controllable, movable, rotatable, etc. (such as a controllably rotatable reflector).

Exemplary displays 700 and 800 from FIG. 7 and FIG. 8, respectively, depict implementations of wearable heads-up displays in which light signals 711/811 are manipulated in the following order: generated by a light-emitting element 710/810, controllably reflected by a controllably rotatable reflector 720/820 positioned at a specific rotational orientation, and redirected towards the user's eye 790/890 by a particular static light-redirecting element 730/830 depending on the specific rotational orientation of the controllably rotatable reflector 720/820. In accordance with the present systems, articles, and methods, similar elements may be configured in an alternative order/arrangement to achieve a similar result. That is, in alternative implementations, the controllably rotatable reflector of displays 700 and 800 may instead be “static” or “fixed” and the static light-redirecting element may instead be controllably rotatable; or in other words, the controllably rotatable reflector may essential swap positions with the static light-redirecting element.

FIG. 14 is an illustrative diagram showing a side view of a wearable heads-up display 1400 in accordance with the present systems, articles, and methods. Display 1400 includes a lens (i.e., a “transparent element) 1401 physically coupled to a support structure 1450. In use, support structure 1450 is worn on a head of a user so that lens 1401 is positioned in front of and within a field of view of at least one eye 1490 of the user. The combination of support structure 1450 and lens 1401 may resemble, or may literally be, a pair of eyeglasses or sunglasses. In the illustration of FIG. 14, an arm of support structure 1450 is depicted. Support structure 1450 carries (e.g., on the arm portion thereof that extends towards and over an ear of the user, but in alternative embodiments on a portion of the support structure 1450 that frames lens 1401) a first light-emitting element 1410, a collimator 1440, and a static light-redirecting element 1430. In the illustrated implementation, static light-redirecting element 1430 is a mirror positioned at a fixed angle to redirect (i.e., reflect) light from light-emitting element 1410 towards a controllably rotatable reflector 1420 that is affixed to or at least positioned proximate lens 1401, directly in front of the eye 1490 of the user and in the user's field of view. In this configuration, light-emitting element 1410 may sequentially generate portions or aspects (e.g., pixels, rows, columns, etc.) of an image and these portions or aspects may be scanned over the eye 1490 of the user by controllably rotatable reflector 1420 to produce the collective image. This configuration operates in accordance with the principle that the human eye can position a light source in the field of view based on the angle at which light form the source enters the eye as opposed to strictly based on the position of the light source in the eye's field of view. Depending on the specific implementation, light-emitting element 1410 may be a point source (such as a single LED or a laser module) or a register of point sources (such as a row of LEDs) and controllably rotatable reflector 1420 may be rotatable in one rotational dimension or in at least two orthogonal rotational directions. Light from the user's external environment is depicted by rays 1481, 1482, 1483, and 1484, which pass through lens 1401 and into the user's eye 1490 substantially unaffected; though a person of skill in the art will appreciate that a small (virtually negligible) portion of external light may be blocked by controllably rotatable reflector 1420.

FIG. 15 is an illustrative diagram showing a front view of a wearable heads-up display 1500 in accordance with the present systems, articles, and methods. For the purposes of FIG. 15, display 1500 is substantially similar to display 1400 from FIG. 14. Display 1500 includes a lens 1501 carried by a support structure 1550, and a light-emitting element 1510, collimator 1540, and static reflector 1530 (though a static refractor, such as a prism, may similarly be used) all carried on an arm 1551 of support structure 1550. Display 1500 also includes a single controllably rotatable reflector 1520 positioned on lens 1501 in the user's field of view. Reflector 1520 may be a micromirror device (e.g., a MEMS based device or other digital micromirror device) and may be sufficiently to allow a majority of external light to pass through lens 1501 unaffected. In the illustrated implementation, rotatable reflector 1520 is controllably rotatable about two orthogonal axes and therefore operable to redirect/scan light from light-emitting element 1510 (after reflection by static reflector 1530) across the entire area of the user's eye. Controllably rotatable reflector 1520 is electrically communicatively coupled (by at least one electrically conductive pathway 1521, e.g., adhered with glue or deposited as a thin film on a surface of lens 1501) to and controlled by a controller 1522 (e.g., variable current or power source) carried by support structure 1550.

While display 1500 implements a single controllably rotatable reflector 1520 positioned in the user's field of view and a static light-redirecting element 1530 positioned on an arm 1551 of the support structure 1550, alternative implementations may include multiple controllably rotatable reflectors 1520 positioned at multiple positions in the user's field of view on lens 1501 (with each communicatively coupled to a common or respective controller 1522 through a respective electrically conductive pathway 1521) and, in such implementations, light-redirecting element 1530 may be controllably switchable between a number of discrete positions, each discrete position oriented to redirect light from light-emitting element 1510 to a respective one of the multiple controllably rotatable reflectors 1520. However, since controllably rotatable reflectors 1520 positioned in the user's field of view may block the transmission of light from external sources, it can be advantageous to use a small number of controllably rotatable reflectors 1520, such as 1, 2, 4, or 8.

Though displays 1400 and 1500 represent a reconfiguration of many of the same elements from displays 700, 800, 900, 1000, 1100, and 1200, displays 1400 and 1500 may be operated in a very similar manner to displays 700, 800, 900, 1000, 1100, and 1200 in order to effectively scan an image over a user's field of view without significantly impeding the user from seeing light from external sources. Thus, displays 1400 and 1500 may be operated according to a slightly modified version of method 1300.

FIG. 16 is a flow-diagram showing a method 1600 of operating at least one transparent display element of a wearable heads-up display when the wearable heads-up display is worn on a head of a user in accordance with the present systems, articles, and methods. Method 1600 is substantially similar to method 1300 from FIG. 13 with the relative roles (and physical positions) of the controllably rotatable reflector and the light-redirecting element being swapped. In other words, method 1600 represents an adaptation of method 1300 for the operation of the display configuration (display 1400 and 1500) illustrated in FIGS. 14 and 15. Method 16 includes eight acts 1601, 1602, 1603, 1604, 1605, 1606, 1607, and 1608, though those of skill in the art will appreciate that in alternative embodiments certain acts may be omitted and/or additional acts may be added. In particular, as described in more details below, one or more repetitions of acts 1601, 1602, 1603, and 1604 may be included in between act 1604 and 1605 for one or more additional light signals representative of one or more additional portion(s) of an image. Those of skill in the art will also appreciate that the illustrated order of the acts is shown for exemplary purposes only and may change in alternative embodiments.

At 1601, a controllably rotatable reflector is positioned in a first rotational orientation in a similar way to that described for act 1301 of method 1300. The difference between act 1601 and act 1301 is that for act 1601 the reflector is positioned directly within the field of view of the user whereas for act 1301 the reflector is positioned substantially outside of the field of view of the user.

At 1602, a light-emitting element generates a first light signal representative of at least a first portion of an image in a similar way to that described for act 1302 of method 1300.

At 1603, a light-redirecting element (e.g., a static reflector 1530) redirects the first light signal towards the controllably rotatable reflector, and at 1604, the controllably rotatable reflector reflects the light signal towards an eye of the user based on the first rotational orientation. Thus, acts 1603 and 1604 of method 1600 essentially swap the roles of the controllably rotatable reflector and the light-redirecting element for acts 1303 and 1304 of method 1300.

In a similar way to that described for method 1300, acts 1601, 1602, 1603, and 1604 for be sequentially repeated for multiple iterations until the last, final, or N^(th) light signal is reached, at which point method 1600 proceeds to act 1605.

At 1605, the controllably rotatable reflector is positioned in a N^(th) rotational orientation similar to act 1601.

At 1606, the light-emitting element generates an N^(th) light signal representative of at least a N^(th) portion of the image similar to act 1602.

At 1607, the light-redirecting element redirects the N^(th) light signal towards the controllably rotatable reflector similar to act 1603.

At 1608, the controllably rotatable reflector reflects the N^(th) light signal towards the eye of the user similar to act 1604.

Each implementation of a wearable heads-up display described herein may be summarized as including a transparent near-eye display that can be integrated into a wearable display with the form factor of a regular pair of glasses.

The various implementations described herein may optionally include systems, devices, and methods for eye-tracking. For example, the angle at which controllably rotatable reflector 1420/1520 from displays 1400/1500 may be automatically adjusted or otherwise based on the location of the user's pupil as determined through one or more eye tracking scheme(s). In some implementations, the display may be capable (e.g., by using a sufficiently long register of LEDs as a light source and/or by using a sufficiently wide range of rotation for a controllably rotatable reflector) of projecting an image towards the user's eye but over an area that is larger than the user's field of view, and in this case the portion of the total projection area that overlies the area of the user's pupil may be dynamically detected via eye-tracking and the display may dynamically limit projection of the image to be within that dynamic area.

Throughout this specification and the appended claims, reference is often made to “controllably rotatable” reflectors and reflectors being “rotational oriented” at a particular “angle.” A person of skill in the art (e.g., in the art of micromirrors such as digital MEMS-based micromirrors) will appreciate that the concept of “rotation” is used herein as a generalization and that a similar effect may be achieved by a bending or deformation of a micromirror surface.

In some implementations, one or more optical fiber(s) may be used to guide light signals along some of the paths illustrated herein. For example, light may travel from a light-emitting element to a first point of redirection (i.e., to a controllably rotatable reflector in displays 700, 800, 900, 1000, 1100, and 1200 or to a static light-redirecting element in displays 1400 and 1500) through one or more optical fiber cable(s).

In some implementations, an elongated bar micromirror used to rotate about a single rotational axis (e.g., reflector 920 from display 900 of FIG. 9) may be fabricated as a set of discrete micromirror-type devices spaced out along a row with a single continuous reflective strip laid over and affixed to their respective upper/top surfaces.

The wearable heads-up display devices that employ total internal reflection within a transparent lens (e.g., display 800 of FIG. 8) described herein may employ any number of internal reflective bounces inside the lens, including a single reflective bounce or multiple reflective bounces, depending on the relative positions of the controllably rotatable reflector and the static light-redirecting element being targeted.

This description includes various non-limiting examples of light sources generally referred to as “light-emitting elements.” For example, a row/register of LEDs is described as a light-emitting element in display 900 and a laser module is described as a light-emitting element in display 1000. In accordance with the present systems, articles, and methods, other light-emitting elements and/or combinations thereof may be employed in the wearable heads-up displays described herein. As an example, a register of LEDs as used in display 900 may be replaced by the combination of a register of digital micromirrors and a single line-scan laser (i.e., a laser with a lens that spreads the beam of the laser out as a line) oriented so that the line-scan aligns with and shines on the register of micromirrors. Similarly, the register of LEDs in display 900 may be replaced by a register of shutters through which the output of a line-scan laser is selectively/controllably transmitted or blocked depending on the respective state of each shutter in the register of shutters. Another example of a light source that may be used in the present systems, articles, and methods is a “Grating Light Valve” such as that developed by Sony circa 2002.

Throughout this specification and the appended claims, reference is often made to static light-redirecting elements located on or proximate a lens of a wearable heads-up display device. Examples of such static light-emitting structures include, without limitation, prismatic structures deposited directly on the lens as a thin film (e.g., optical lighting film, or OLF, available from 3G). In accordance with the present systems, articles, and methods, the static light-redirecting elements described herein may serve as “transparent optical combiners” that advantageously direct light corresponding to an image generated by a light-emitting element towards the user's eye while simultaneously allowing a majority of external light from the user's environment to pass through with minimal distortion. In general, such combiners may be molded or machined into an existing lens material (e.g., a lens from a user's existing pair of eyeglasses) or formed by a lithography process and deposited onto a surface of a lens (e.g., a lens from a user's existing pair of eyeglasses) as thin film. If a user's existing pair of eyeglasses is used, then the other elements of the display (e.g., light-emitting element, collimator, controllably rotatable reflector, battery, processor, transceiver, etc.) may likewise be added to the support structure(s) of the existing pair of eyeglasses.

Each implementation of a wearable heads-up display described herein may be summarized as including a transparent near-eye display that can be integrated into a wearable display with the form factor of a regular pair of glasses.

Throughout this specification and the appended claims, reference is often made to “rotating” beam-steerers and beam-steerers being “oriented” at a particular “angle” or “configuration.” A person of skill in the art (e.g., in the art of micromirrors such as digital MEMS-based micromirrors) will appreciate that the concept of “rotation” is used herein as a generalization and that a similar effect may be achieved by a bending or deformation of a micromirror surface.

In some implementations, one or more optical fiber(s) may be used to guide light signals along some of the paths illustrated herein. For example, light may travel from a light source to a first point of redirection (e.g., to a light-redirection element) through one or more optical fiber cable(s).

The wearable heads-up displays described herein may include one or more sensor(s) (e.g., microphone, camera, thermometer, compass, and/or others) for collecting data from the user's environment. For example, one or more camera(s) may be used to provide feedback to the processor of the wearable heads-up display and influence where on the transparent display(s) any given image should be displayed.

The wearable heads-up displays described herein may include one or more on-board power sources (e.g., one or more battery(ies)), a wireless transceiver for sending/receiving wireless communications, and/or a tethered connector port for coupling to a computer and/or charging the one or more on-board power source(s).

The wearable heads-up displays described herein may receive and respond to commands from the user in one or more of a variety of ways, including without limitation: voice commands through a microphone; touch commands through buttons, switches, or a touch sensitive surface; and/or gesture-based commands through gesture detection systems.

Throughout this specification and the appended claims the term “communicative” as in “communicative pathway,” “communicative coupling,” and in variants such as “communicatively coupled,” is generally used to refer to any engineered arrangement for transferring and/or exchanging information. Exemplary communicative pathways include, but are not limited to, electrically conductive pathways (e.g., electrically conductive wires, electrically conductive traces), magnetic pathways (e.g., magnetic media), and/or optical pathways (e.g., optical fiber), and exemplary communicative couplings include, but are not limited to, electrical couplings, magnetic couplings, and/or optical couplings.

Throughout this specification and the appended claims, infinitive verb forms are often used. Examples include, without limitation: “to detect,” “to provide,” “to transmit,” “to communicate,” “to process,” “to route,” and the like. Unless the specific context requires otherwise, such infinitive verb forms are used in an open, inclusive sense, that is as “to, at least, detect,” to, at least, provide,” “to, at least, transmit,” and so on.

The above description of illustrated embodiments, including what is described in the Abstract, is not intended to be exhaustive or to limit the embodiments to the precise forms disclosed. Although specific embodiments of and examples are described herein for illustrative purposes, various equivalent modifications can be made without departing from the spirit and scope of the disclosure, as will be recognized by those skilled in the relevant art. The teachings provided herein of the various embodiments can be applied to other portable and/or wearable electronic devices, not necessarily the exemplary wearable electronic devices generally described above.

For instance, the foregoing detailed description has set forth various embodiments of the devices and/or processes via the use of block diagrams, schematics, and examples. Insofar as such block diagrams, schematics, and examples contain one or more functions and/or operations, it will be understood by those skilled in the art that each function and/or operation within such block diagrams, flowcharts, or examples can be implemented, individually and/or collectively, by a wide range of hardware, software, firmware, or virtually any combination thereof. In one embodiment, the present subject matter may be implemented via Application Specific Integrated Circuits (ASICs). However, those skilled in the art will recognize that the embodiments disclosed herein, in whole or in part, can be equivalently implemented in standard integrated circuits, as one or more computer programs executed by one or more computers (e.g., as one or more programs running on one or more computer systems), as one or more programs executed by on one or more controllers (e.g., microcontrollers) as one or more programs executed by one or more processors (e.g., microprocessors, central processing units, graphical processing units), as firmware, or as virtually any combination thereof, and that designing the circuitry and/or writing the code for the software and or firmware would be well within the skill of one of ordinary skill in the art in light of the teachings of this disclosure.

When logic is implemented as software and stored in memory, logic or information can be stored on any processor-readable medium for use by or in connection with any processor-related system or method. In the context of this disclosure, a memory is a processor-readable medium that is an electronic, magnetic, optical, or other physical device or means that contains or stores a computer and/or processor program. Logic and/or the information can be embodied in any processor-readable medium for use by or in connection with an instruction execution system, apparatus, or device, such as a computer-based system, processor-containing system, or other system that can fetch the instructions from the instruction execution system, apparatus, or device and execute the instructions associated with logic and/or information.

In the context of this specification, a “non-transitory processor-readable medium” can be any element that can store the program associated with logic and/or information for use by or in connection with the instruction execution system, apparatus, and/or device. The processor-readable medium can be, for example, but is not limited to, an electronic, magnetic, optical, electromagnetic, infrared, or semiconductor system, apparatus or device. More specific examples (a non-exhaustive list) of the computer readable medium would include the following: a portable computer diskette (magnetic, compact flash card, secure digital, or the like), a random access memory (RAM), a read-only memory (ROM), an erasable programmable read-only memory (EPROM, EEPROM, or Flash memory), a portable compact disc read-only memory (CDROM), digital tape, and other non-transitory media.

The various embodiments described above can be combined to provide further embodiments. To the extent that they are not inconsistent with the specific teachings and definitions herein, U.S. Non-Provisional patent application Ser. No. 14/749,359, U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 62/017,089 and U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 62/053,598 are incorporated herein by reference, in their entirety. Aspects of the embodiments can be modified, if necessary, to employ systems, circuits and concepts of U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 62/017,089 and/or U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 62/053,598 to provide yet further embodiments.

These and other changes can be made to the embodiments in light of the above-detailed description. In general, in the following claims, the terms used should not be construed to limit the claims to the specific embodiments disclosed in the specification and the claims, but should be construed to include all possible embodiments along with the full scope of equivalents to which such claims are entitled. Accordingly, the claims are not limited by the disclosure. 

1. A wearable heads-up display comprising: a support structure to be worn on a head of a user; a first transparent element that is physically coupled to the support structure, wherein the first transparent element is positioned within a field of view of at least one eye of the user when the support structure is worn on the head of the user; a first light-emitting element physically coupled to the support structure and positioned proximate a periphery of the first transparent element; and a first set of static light-refractors, each static light-refractor in the first set of static light-refractors carried by the first transparent element in the field of view of the at least one eye of the user when the support structure is worn on the head of the user, wherein in use at least one static light-refractor in the first set of static light-refractors receives light emitted by the first light-emitting element through the periphery of the first transparent element and refracts the light emitted by the first light-emitting element towards the at least one eye of the user.
 2. The wearable heads-up display of claim 1 wherein the first light-emitting element includes a register of light-emitting diodes.
 3. The wearable heads-up display of claim 1 wherein the first light-emitting element includes at least one laser.
 4. The wearable heads-up display of claim 1 wherein the first transparent element includes a prescription eyeglass lens.
 5. The wearable heads-up display of claim 1 wherein each static light-refractor in the set of static light-refractors is selected from the group consisting of: a prismatic structure and a prismatic film.
 6. The wearable heads-up display of claim 1 wherein the support structure has a general shape and appearance of a set of eyeglasses.
 7. The wearable heads-up display of claim 1, further comprising: a processor physically coupled to the support structure and communicatively coupled to the first light-emitting element; and a non-transitory processor-readable storage medium physically coupled to the support structure and communicatively coupled to the processor, wherein the non-transitory processor-readable storage medium stores processor-executable instructions that, when executed by the processor, cause the processor to control the light emitted by the first light-emitting element.
 8. The wearable heads-up display of claim 1, further comprising a first controllably rotatable reflector physically coupled to the support structure and positioned to, in use, receive a light provided by the first light-emitting element and reflect the light provided by the first light-emitting element.
 9. The wearable heads-up display of claim 8 wherein the first controllably rotatable reflector is controllably rotatable about at least two orthogonal axes.
 10. The wearable heads-up display of claim 8, further comprising: at least one collimator positioned in between the first light-emitting element and the first controllably rotatable reflector, wherein in use the light provided by the first light-emitting element passes through the at least one collimator before receipt by the first controllably rotatable reflector.
 11. The wearable heads-up display of claim 1 wherein each static light-refractor in the set of static light-refractors includes a respective thin-film element that is affixed to the first transparent element.
 12. The wearable heads-up display of claim 1 wherein the first transparent element is positioned within a field of view of a first eye of the user when the support structure is worn on the head of the user, and further comprising: a second transparent element physically coupled to the support structure, wherein the second transparent element is substantially planar and positioned within a field of view of a second eye of the user when the support structure is worn on the head of the user; a second light-emitting element physically coupled to the support structure and positioned proximate a periphery of the second transparent element; a second set of static light-refractors, each static light-refractor in the second set of static light-refractors carried by the second transparent element in the field of view of the second eye of the user when the support structure is worn on the head of the user, wherein in use at least one static light-refractor in the second set of static light-refractors receives the light emitted by the second light-emitting element through the periphery of the second transparent element and refracts the light emitted by the first light-emitting element towards the second eye of the user. 